Attittudes of Women in Computer Science: 1991 - 1999

In 1991, Ellen Spertus, a computer science student at MIT, wrote a technical report entitled "Why Are There So Few Women in Computer Science?". Her paper covers many issues concerning societal influences on women and girls in relation to computers and the "masculine environment" of computer science. Her results illustrate a wide variety of the uneasiness and blatant discrimination of women often found in the Information Technology field, ranging from feelings of "not belonging" to outright sexual harassment in the workplace and classroom. In an attempt to notice a trend in behavior towards technically-oriented women throughout the 1990's, I constructed a web page containing a questionnaire that asked current computer science students about their perceptions of gender-biased discrimination and/or uneasiness in the classroom or workplace. Through postings to email mailing lists (including the Student-Systers email list, which consists solely of women computer science students), newsgroups, and word of mouth, the URL of this web page became available to a wide variety of people, and nearly 100 men and women responded with their perceptions, attitudes, and anecdotes relating to the current situations of women involved in computer science today.

The first important issue that I examined was that of blatant gender discrimination. Many of Spertus' correspondents related stories of women being told (often by their own superiors or professors) that they were "too pretty" to be in computer science or engineering. Another female computer science professor wrote that while she was taking an automata theory course in graduate school, the male professor introduced a topic by saying, "Machines are a lot like women -- many forms for the same function." (Qtd in Spertus "Sexist or Sexual Humor" 1). It is evident here that the women in question were not being treated fairly, or appropriately. Reducing a woman to a purely physical or sexual form is insulting in any situation, and for it to occur in a formal setting such as a classroom or workplace is inexcusable. Ironically, many attempts to rectify these situations were less than successful, and have only served to further the stereotypes of pro-active women as being radical and unreasonable. In 1989, a collection of computer science graduate students and staff members at Carnegie Mellon University wrote a petition, asking certain members of the program to cease leaving screen savers of nude women on their computers. While many people understood the position of the writers and made efforts to alter their behavior, others reacted poorly, calling the writers "Nazis" and refusing to succumb to their "censorship." A similar report by a woman at MIT in 1990 sympathizes with the writers of the petition: "[O]nce you are labeled a feminist...your comments are taken less seriously, because you are considered radical and your ideas less fair." (Qtd in Spertus "Sexual Displays and Discussions" 2).

In 1999, there seems to be a decrease in the amount of blatant gender discrimination felt among women computer science majors. Twenty-one out of the seventy-two women questionnaire respondents (forty-five of whom are or were computer science majors) reported having felt discrimination in their workplace or classroom, meaning that 30% of all the women -- nearly 50% of the women computer science majors -- have felt obvious discrimination based upon their gender. Similarly, six out of the twenty-seven male questionnaire respondents (22%) reported having witnessed some sort of discrimination towards women. One such male computer science major wrote, "A professor stated, 'I don't like having females in my classes because they didn't belong here, but the University makes me.' That professor 'retired' very soon after making that comment." Another female computer science major submitted the following story:

I was in the lab working on a program and I asked on of the guys a question so he came to look at my code...and he goes, "hello spaghetti code." So I said, "I am just working on functionality...besides, I am not claiming to be a beautiful programmer." So he sort of looked me up and down and said, "Oh, you're beautiful...the programmer part is a bit of a stretch." Wow, I was angry.

It is unfortunate that it is nearly impossible to tell the difference between the anecdotes of discrimination told to Ellen Spertus in 1991 and those that the questionnaire respondents reported in 1999. However, with only a few exceptions, the majority of discrimination stories from the questionnaire respondents seem to focus around socialization issues. For example, in the female programmer's story above, it is evident that the male in question has difficulty dealing with women on a social level, even in a classroom environment. His lewd comment suggests an insecurity that most likely exists in all of his social interactions with women, and not just those with his fellow programmer. This trend of discrimination based upon insecurity or unsociability seems to correlate with the very gradual acceptance of women entering the computer science major. For example, in 1991, Spertus' stories of women being overtly sexualized and objectified -- the most obvious form of gender discrimination -- occurred at a time in which women were just starting to make a notable presence in the computer workforce. According to the National Science Foundation, the highest number of females obtaining Bachelors Degrees in computer science (approximately 15,000) occurred during the late 1980s; it would have therefore been during the early 1990s that they were first entering the job force in large numbers. By 1999, it is evident that woman's presence in the computing field is a reality, and recent sexual harassment laws prohibit the sorts of discrimination that many females were subjected to in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Therefore, these women's classmates and co-workers have had to learn to accept their female peers -- a task that has often been difficult for men accustomed to the computer science world as being a "boy's club." This difficulty leads to the insecurity noted above, which can cause women to feel that they are not being taken seriously, or that co-workers or superiors do not hold them in the same regards as their male peers.

The second main issue that women in computer science have struggled with throughout the 1990s is an internal feeling of uneasiness and discomfort while in the computing field. Ellen Spertus writes in her report that "[s]tudies have shown that, when engineering students are asked to predict the academic performance relative to that of male and female colleagues, both sexes anticipated that men would outperform women." Similarly, she notes that, "another study found that...men had higher expectations for themselves than women did for themselves" (Qtd. in Spertus, "Ways that Males and Females are Treated Differently" 1). Interestingly, Spertus does not make any mention anywhere in her report of women who specifically feel insecure as a result of being a female in the technology field. This is a trend which has seemingly surfaced in alarming proportions within the past eight years: in my 1999 questionnaire, thirty-five out of seventy-two women (49%) expressed such feelings; since forty-five of the seventy-two women are (or were) computer science majors, this means that 78% of the female computer science majors have experienced uneasiness about being a woman in a technical field. Unfortunately, there are many anecdotes to support this high percentage. A female computer science graduate student writes: "...I felt that everyone in the class knows more than I do even when they don't...I [considered] dropping my computer science major up until the last month of college because I didn't feel I was good enough, even though I was always near the top of my classes." This is hardly an uncommon sentiment; another female computer science major says:

My freshman year in Computer Science was extremely uncomfortable. I was afraid to *touch* the workstations in front of other people for fear that I would do something stupid...In retrospect, I can see that I was wrong, but at the time it certainly seemed as though all the men in class knew what they were doing. They all seemed to have had some experience that I hadn't and they all knew what they were doing (or so I thought) while I sat there having trouble with the beginning concepts of programming. I know now that I wasn't seeing things correctly. Most of them knew as little as me and a few didn't even make it past those first two semesters. Somehow this doesn't usually console me however and I have the same feelings now, three years later when I'm a semester away from graduation. My old feelings of insecurity and inferiority haven't gone away.

An important thing to note in the above anecdotes is that the women in question have realized that they are not inferior to the men in their classes, but yet their insecurities have not abated. Many college-aged women who responded to the questionnaire express this frustration: "I get...convinced that I can't do something, but the biggest problem with it is that I know it is a 'typical female' thing to do, which adds a whole new dimension to my frustration," writes another woman. It is unfortunate that these women can realize that their insecurities are unfounded, but yet are unable to completely shake them. Ultimately, these feelings of uneasiness are more detrimental to women than blatant sexual discrimination; while discrimination stems from an external source, feelings of inferiority are internal and are often indications of other internal pressures or insecurities. Hopefully, however, the ability to recognize one's own feelings of uneasiness will enable these women to eventually overcome their insecurities.

In conclusion, it appears that while blatant gender discrimination and sexual harassment have declined throughout the 1990s, the tendancy for women in computer science to feel uneasy because of their gender has increased. In 1991, most gender discrimination seemed to be based upon sexist remarks and an inability to see woman as competant computer scientists; in 1999, such discrimination has lessened significantly. The current trend among college-aged female computer scientists seems to include feelings of insecurity and inferiority, regardless of the individual woman's knowledge that these feelings are unfounded and counter-productive.


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